4 Vedo ke Naam aur Arth 1. Rigveda (ऋग्वेद) Rigved Sanatan Dharm aur sampoorn vishv ka sabse pracheen granth mana jata hai jo abhi uplabdh hai. Isme 10 Mandal, 1028 Sukt aur vartaman me lagbhag 10,462 mantr hain. Kuch vidvano…
4 Vedo ke Naam aur Arth
1. Rigveda (ऋग्वेद)
Rigved Sanatan Dharm aur sampoorn vishv ka sabse pracheen granth mana jata hai jo abhi uplabdh hai. Isme 10 Mandal, 1028 Sukt aur vartaman me lagbhag 10,462 mantr hain. Kuch vidvano ke anusar mantron ki sankhya me thoda antar bhi paaya jata hai. In mantron me devtaon ki stuti aur unka yagya me aahvaan karne ke liye mantr sammilit hain. Yeh hi sabse pehla aur pramukh Ved hai. Rigved ko itihaaskar Indo-European bhasha-parivar ki sabse purani rachnaon me se ek maante hain. Yeh vishv ke un pratham granthon me se ek hai jiska prabhav aaj tak samaj par bana hua hai. Yeh Sanatan Dharm ka mukhya granth hai. Rigved ke mantron ko padhne wale rishi ko Hotr kaha jata hai.
Rigved sabse purana Vaidik Sanskrit granth hai. Iski prarambhik rachna Indo-European bhashaon ke sabse purane granthon me shamil hai. Rigved ke mantr aur dhvani dusre sahasrabdi Eesa Poorv se mukhik roop me prasarit hote aaye hain. Darshanik aur bhaashik saboot yeh batate hain ki Rigved ke adhikansh bhaag ki rachna Bharat ke uttar-pashchimi kshetron me hui thi.
Rigved Sanhita me 10 Mandal aur Balakhilya sahit 1028 Sukt hain. Ved mantron ke samu ko Sukt kaha jata hai, jisme ek hi devta ke gun aur arth ka varnan hota hai. Rigved me hi Mrityunjay Mantra (7/59/12) paaya jata hai, jiska uchcharan aur yagya karne se ayu badhti hai aur sabhi dukh door hote hain. Vishwa-prasiddh Gayatri Mantra (Rigved 3/62/10) bhi isi granth me likha gaya hai.
Rigved me kai prakar ke Lokopayogi aur Tatvagyan se jude Sukt milte hain — jaise Rog Nivarak Sukt (Rigved 10/137/1–7), Shri Sukt ya Lakshmi Sukt (Rigved ke Parishisht Sukt me), Nasadiya Sukt (10/129/1–7), Hiranyagarbha Sukt (10/121/1–10) aur Vivah Sukt (10/85/1–47) — jinme gyaan, vigyaan aur jeevan ke sarvottam tatvon ka varnan hai.
Yeh granth itihaas ke drishtikon se bhi atyant mahatvapurna hai. Iran ke Avestha granth ki Gathao me bhi Rigved ke saman svar aur devtaon ka ullekh milta hai, jaise Agni, Vayu, Jal, aur Som. Yeh sab pramaan dete hain ki Rigved na keval Bharat balki sampoorn Arya sanskriti ka adharshila
2. Yajurveda (यजुर्वेद)
Yajurved (Sanskrit: यजुर्वेद,: Yajurveda, Yajus – “Pooja” aur Veda – “Gyaan”) mukhyatah pooja aur anushthanon ke liye gadhya mantron ka ved hai. Yeh ek pracheen Vaidik Sanskrit granth hai jisme anushthan, ahuti aur yajna ke dauran kahe jaane wale sutron ka sangrah hai. Yeh ved purohit dwara ucharit kiye jaate the jab yajmaan agni ke samaksh yajna kriya karta tha. Yajurved chaar vedon me se ek hai, aur Hindu dharm ke pramukh dharmgranthon me shamil hai. Iski rachna ki sahi tithi nirdharit nahi hai, lekin vidvan Michael Witzel ke anusaar iska rachna kaal 1200 se 800 Eesa Poorv ke beech tha, jo Samved aur Atharvaved ke samakaleen hai.
Yajurved ko do mukhya bhaagon me baanta gaya hai — “Krishna (Kala)” Yajurved aur “Shukla (Svet)” Yajurved. “Kala” ka arth hai “avyavasthit, aspasht aur vividh sangrah”, jabki “Shukla” ka arth hai “suvyavasthit aur spasht”. Krishna Yajurved ke chaar version milte hain, jabki Shukla Yajurved ke do version ab tak prachalit hain.
Yajurved Samhita ke prarambhik bhaag me lagbhag 1,875 shlok hain, jinme se kai Rigved se liye gaye hain. Iske madhya bhaag me Shatapath Brahman hai, jo sabse bada Brahman granth mana gaya hai. Antim bhaag me mukhya Upanishad shamil hain — jaise Brihadaranyak Upanishad, Isha Upanishad, Taittiriya Upanishad, Katha Upanishad, Shvetashvatara Upanishad aur Maitri Upanishad — jinse Hindu darshan ke vibhinna sampradayon par gahra prabhav pada.
Shabdarth aur Vyakhya:
“Yajurved” shabd do shabdon se bana hai — Yajus (arthaat pooja, upasana, yagya) aur Veda (arthaat gyaan). Monier-Williams ke anusaar Yajus ka arth hai “shraddha, upasana, yajna ke mantra ya sutra”, aur Veda ka arth hai “gyaan”. Vidvan Michael Witzel ne ise “vaidik anushthanon me prayukt gadhya mantron ka gyaan granth” kaha hai. Ralph Griffith ne ise “balidan ke mantra aur sutron ka gyaan” bataya hai, jabki Karl Olson ke anusaar Yajurved “un mantron ka granth hai jinka ucharan aur upyog anushthanon me hota hai.”
Tithi aur Itihas:
Yajurved ki rachna Dusri Sahasrabdi Eesa Poorv ke antim yug me hui, jab Bharat me Vaidik Sanskrit apne paramparik mandiron me prayukt thi. Yeh Rigved ke baad aur Samved, Atharvaved ke samay ka hai. Vidvano ke anusaar Yajurved aur Atharvaved ke adhiktar sukt Bharatiya Lauh Yug ke prarambh — lagbhag 1200 se 800 Eesa Poorv — ke beech likhe gaye the.
Saaransh me:
Yajurved Hindu dharm ka ek mahan ved hai jo yajna, pooja aur anushthanon ke niyam, mantron aur kriyaon ka margdarshan karta hai. Isme “karma aur kriya” par zyada zor diya gaya hai — yeh “Karma Ved” ke roop me bhi jana jata hai.
3.Samaveda (सामवेद)
Samved (Sanskrit: सामवेद) — iska arth hai “Saman” yani geet aur “Veda” yani gyaan. Yeh dhunon aur mantron ka ved hai, jise geet ka ved bhi kaha jaata hai. Yeh Hindu dharm ke chaar vedon me se ek hai aur sabse purane dharmik granthon me shamil hai.
Samved ek Vaidik Sanskrit granth hai jisme 1,875 shlok hain, jisme se lagbhag sabhi (sirf 75 ko chhodkar) Rigved se liye gaye hain. Is ved ke teen mukhya sanskaran (versions) ab bhi upalabdh hain, aur inki purani pandulipiyan Bharat ke vibhinna kshetron me mili hain.
Samved ka Itihas aur Rachna Kaal
Aisa mana jaata hai ki Samved ke prarambhik bhag Rigved kaal ke turant baad likhe gaye the — lagbhag 1200 se 1000 Eesa Poorv ke beech. Yeh Yajurved aur Atharvaved ke samakaleen hai. Is ved me keval mantron ka hi sangrah nahi, balki in mantron ko dhunon me gaane ke niyam bhi diye gaye hain.
Samved ke saath hi Brahman granth aur Upanishad bhi shamil hain, jisme Chhandogya Upanishad aur Kena Upanishad sabse pramukh hain. Inka Hindu darshan, khaas kar Vedant parampara, par gahra prabhav pada.
Samved aur Sangeet
Samved ne Bhartiya sangeet ki mool neev rakhi. Is ved ke mantra dhunon ke saath gaye jaate the, jisse “Saman Gayan” kaha gaya. Inhi se Bharat me raag aur sangeetik paramparaon ka vikas hua.
Tithi aur Parampara
Vidvan Michael Witzel ke anusaar Samved ke sahi rachna kaal ka nirdharan karna kathin hai, lekin yah Rigved ke baad (1200–1000 BCE) ka hai. Is ved ke japo (chants) ki lagbhag 12 alag paramparayein thi, jinme se Jaiminiya shakha sabse prachin mani gayi hai.
Bhaugolik Sandarbh
Samved ki do mukhya shakhaayein —
- Kauthuma (Uttar Bharat)
- Jaiminiya (Madhya aur Dakshin Bharat)
In dono ke path Bharat ke vibhinna rajyon me aaj bhi paye jaate hain, jaise Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, aur Kerala.
Samved ka Arth aur Mahattva
Samved ko “Mantron ke Gyaan ka Bhandaara” kaha gaya hai. Vidvan Frits Staal kehte hain ki yeh “Sangeetmaye Rigved” hai — arthaat isme Rigved ke shlok dhunon ke saath diye gaye hain. Yadyapi isme shlok kam hain, lekin yah adhik vistaar se likha gaya hai, kyunki isme sabhi mantron aur dhunon ke prayog aur anushthan sambandhi niyam diye gaye hain.
Samved ke mantron ke saath likhe gaye sangeet sanket (notations) duniya ke sabse purane sangeet likhan ke udaharan hain. Yeh sanket kabhi shabd ke upar, kabhi beech me likhe jaate the, aur unka roop shakha ke anusar badalta tha.
Samved ke Teen Pramukh Sanskaran
- Kauthuma Samhita — Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha aur Bihar me prachalit.
- Ranayaniya Samhita — Maharashtra, Karnataka, aur Andhra Pradesh me.
- Jaiminiya Samhita — Tamil Nadu, Kerala aur Dakshin Bharat me prachalit.
Samved ka Sangathan
Is ved ke do mukhya bhaag hain:
- Pehla Bhaag — 4 Raag sangrah
- Doosra Bhaag — 3 Padya (Geet) pustakein
Inhe do vibhaagon me baanta gaya hai:
- Gramgeya (jise sabke samne gaya jaata hai)
- Aranyageya (jise akela ya dhyaan ke samay gaya jaata hai)
Aranyageya dhunon ka prayog tapasya, vanvas aur dhyaan me hota tha.
Devata aur Mantra
Rigved ki tarah Samved bhi Agni aur Indra ke stuti se prarambh hota hai, lekin isme dhyaan aur tattvagyaan sambandhi mantr bhi hain. Yeh ved Udgatri Purohito ke liye rachit tha — arthaat ve jo yajna me geet gayein.
Sanrachna aur Paratein
Samved me bhi anya vedon ki tarah kai paratein hain:
- Samhita (mool mantra)
- Brahman (anushthan vyakhya)
- Aranyaka aur Upanishad (darshanik bhag)
Kauthuma-Ranayaniya shakha me Panchavimsha Brahman, Chhandogya Upanishad aur Latyayana-Drahyayana Sutra milte hain.
Jaiminiya shakha me Jaiminiya Brahman aur Kena Upanishad shamil hain.
Shlok Sankhya
Samved me kul 1,549 alag shlok hain, jisme se adhiktar Rigved se liye gaye hain. Sirf 75 shlok hi naye hain. Sabse zyada shlok Rigved ke 8ve aur 9ve mandal se liye gaye hain. In shlokon ke punaravritti ke saath Samved ke sampoorn path me 1,875 mantra hain.
Saaransh:
Samved Hindu dharm ka “Sangeet aur Bhakti ka Ved” hai. Yeh mantr, raag aur upasana ka samagam hai jisme shraddha, dhyaan aur sangeet ka adbhut sammelan milta hai. Yeh sirf dharm granth hi nahi, balki Bhartiya Sangeet, Vedant aur Upanishadik Darshan ki mool prerna ka srot hai.
4.Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेद)
Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेद), Sanskrit me likha gaya “Atharvān” (Pujari) aur “Veda” (Gyaan) ka sangam hai. Iska arth hota hai — “Atharvon ka Gyaan Bhandar”. Yeh chaar Vedon me se choutha Ved hai, jo Hindu dharm ke pavitra granthon me antim roop se joda gaya.
Atharvaveda me 730 bhajan aur lagbhag 6,000 mantron ka sangrah hai, jo 20 pustakon me vibhajit hai. Yeh mantra jeevan ke pratidin ke kriya-kalapon, swasthya, shaanti, aur raksha se sambandhit hain.
Atharvaveda Ki Bhasha aur Sanrachna
Atharvaveda ki bhasha, Rigvedik Sanskrit se alag hai — isme purane Indo-European yug ke ansh sanrakshit hain. Is Ved ke do mukhya sanskaran hain:
- Shaunakiya Sanhita
- Paippalada Sanhita
1957 me Odisha ke palm leaf manuscripts me Paippalada version ka ek achha sanrakshit roop mila tha, jo ek bada khoj tha.
Atharvaveda Ka Vishay
Atharvaveda ko kai baar “Jadu aur Mantron ka Ved” kaha jata hai, lekin ye puri tarah sahi nahi hai. Yeh Ved sirf jadoo-tona nahi, balki lok dharm aur samajik jeevan se juda hua granth hai.
Isme shaamil hain:
- Upanayan (Vidya-Diksha) ke mantra
- Vivah (Shaadi) ke mantra
- Antyeshti (Antim Sanskar) ke mantra
- Rajya aur Darbari kriyaon ke mantra
- Rog aur Durghatna se bachav ke upaay
Yani Atharvaveda lok jeevan ke dharmik aur chikitsiya pehluon ko bhi sametata hai.
Atharvaveda Ka Itihas aur Tithi
Vidwanno ke anusaar, Atharvaveda ka sanrachan samay 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE ke beech ka mana jata hai, jo Samaveda aur Yajurveda ke samay ke aas-paas tha. Yeh us yug ka pramaan hai jab Bharat me Vedic Sanskrit apne charam par thi.
Atharvaveda ke Mukhya Upanishad
Atharvaveda me kuch pramukh Upanishad shaamil hain, jinse Hindu darshan ke alag-alag shakhayein viksit hui:
- Mundak Upanishad – Gyaan aur Tapasya ka mahatva batata hai.
- Mandukya Upanishad – Om ke tattva aur manav chetna ke chaar avasthaon (Jagrat, Swapna, Sushupti, Turiya) ka varnan karta hai.
- Prashna Upanishad – Jeevan ke prashnon ke darshanik uttar deta hai.
Atharvaveda Ka Mahatva
Atharvaveda ko lok jeevan ka Ved kaha gaya hai kyunki isme sirf dev-pooja nahi balki vyavaharik aur samajik jeevan ke siddhant diye gaye hain.
- Yeh shanti aur swasthya ka sandesh deta hai.
- Isme rog-nivaran aur suraksha ke mantra hain.
- Raja aur Praja ke kartavyaon ka varnan bhi milta hai.
Atharvaveda ne Ayurveda aur Mantra Shastra ke vikas me bhi yogdaan diya.
Nishkarsh
Atharvaveda ek aisa Ved hai jisme adhyatmikta ke saath-saath vyavaharik gyaan bhi samet hai. Yeh batata hai ki dharm sirf yajna aur pooja tak seemit nahi hai, balki jeevan ke har kary me samahit hai.
Atharvaveda ke mantra aaj bhi shanti, swasthya aur samriddhi ke liye path kiye jaate hain.
